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Females are the Berries! (A Look at Dioecious Plants)

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Joy Goforth

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Savannah Tree
Photo Credit: Joy Goforth
Only female flowers contain fruit-producing ovaries, so only female plants – like this Savannah holly – can provide the berries that many gardeners admire.
It’s actually a rather common frustration that many homeowners have: “What have I ever done to my hollies to make them refuse to produce berries? I’ve loved them and fertilized them and treated them with tender loving care, but still – no berries. My neighbor is awful and neglectful to his plants, and every winter his hollies are completely covered in fruit. Where did I go wrong?!”

The answer to this berry dilemma lies in understanding the sex life of plants.

The majority of flowering plants produce “perfect” flowers, meaning that each flower contains male (stamen, anther and pollen) and female parts (stigma, style, ovary and ovules), as well as other important flower elements. But there’s also a group of plants that produce “dioecious” flowers: “Di” meaning “two,” and “oecious” meaning “house.” To better understand this concept, consider each individual holly plant as a “house.” The “boy” flowers live in one house, and the “girl” flowers live in another. Just like with humans, only flowers that contain ovaries can produce fruit, so it stands to reason that only the hollies with female flowers can make berries.

Unfortunately, there are no steadfast rules to identifying dioecious plants. Even when the plants are in full bloom, it’s often difficult to tell male flowers from female ones. If you’re purchasing a plant specifically for its ornamental fruit, you should do your homework first, or simply purchase the plants at the time of year they should be bearing fruit. (Just keep in mind that some plants won’t produce fruit until they’re more mature, making your hunt a little more challenging.)

Facts
  • To ensure your plants will produce berries, you need at least one male plant and many females in your landscape together.
Tips
  • To avoid being disappointed in a plant you’re eager to have in your landscape, read all you can about that plant before you buy it. This way, you can be sure the species is truly suited for your garden, and you’ll be armed with the information you need to properly care for it.
Definitions
  • Monoecious: A plant that has separate “boy” and “girl” flowers housed on the same plant. (If you look closely at a monoecious plant, you should see a distinct difference between the two types of flowers. The fruit will only develop from the female blooms.)
Faqs
  • Q: I found out my plant is female, and there are males nearby, but it’s still not producing fruit. What could be causing the problem?
    A: Your plant may not be getting enough light. Full- to part-sun plants need adequate light to flower and fruit. Stresses like drought or nutritional deficiencies could also be a factor. If flowers are completely destroyed due to insects, frost or pruning at the wrong time, you’re likely not to have fruit production.
Resources
  • Looking for more information on a particular plant? Check out our new and improved Plant Database!
    Read More...
 
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